who lives off government subsidies?
Robert makes a good point, if tongue-in-cheek. I can't think of a generic term, perhaps because the variety of sources, types of subsidies, and natures of the subsidy programs, contributory or not. Generally, I would call them an xyz recipient, where xyz is the name of the subsidy: a Medicaid recipient; a welfare recipient; a Social Security recipient; a food-stamp recipient. These terms would vary widely from government to government.
Loved RobertB's response. Sounds like the "punchline" to a well-rehearsed riddle. Glenn's response makes perfect sense, but cites only specific examples in the form of "XYZ recipient." For a general term, which is what I think nelgin was looking for, wouldn't beneficiary  work? Or if that's a bit too general, government beneficiary ?
Grant, of course 😉
(I hope he finds the humour in that one!)